Samuel C. Upham was first listed in Philadelphia in 1865 as both "Perfumer" and "Patent Medicines" at 25 S. 8th. He had been in business at least as far back as 1863, because that year he advertised in the New York Independent for a preparation called "Dr Zane's Antidote for Strong Drink." It was also around that time that he started selling his hair dye. Soon afterwards, he sold the rights to his dye to J. J. Kromer. Kromer advertised Upham's Hair Dye in 1864, and claimed that it was prepared by him (see ad under Upham's Hair Dye).
In 1871, Upham listed himself as a "Chemist," but by 72, he was back in the "Patent Medicine" business. From 1875 to 80, he was listed as "Newspapers," then his "Patent Medicine" listings continued until around 1885. Starting in 1872, John F. Henry was advertising the Upham's Hair Gloss and three other Upham's products, and claiming himself as the Sole Proprietor. Upham apparently held on to ten of his medicines, including the Japanese Hair Stain.
Samuel must have died around 1885, because starting in 1886, Samuel Zenas and Anna E. Upham started to be listed in the business, but he was not. In 1886, Samuel Z. was called "Druggist" and Anna was listed as "Patent Medicines". By 1890, Samuel was managing the whole business, and they were called "Perfumers." The exact date they went out of business in unknown, but Samuel Z. was in the "Cigar" business by 1895.
The "Japanese Hair Stain" was for sale in the 1872 John F. Henry catalog, and the 1901 Morrison & Plummer catalog. The "Hair Gloss" was also in the 1872 catalog, but the last reference to it I've found was in the 1896 Morrison & Plummer catalog. The "Hair Gloss" was also called a "Curling Fluid" for several years. Upham replaced his original Hair Dye with his Japanese Hair Stain, which was probably concocted with the same formula.
An ad in 1872 shows quite an extensive product list (view).
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